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REFERENCES IN BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORDER These references are biased towards my own but include most of the important references in BDD. Please email me if I have missed something out or if you are an author and can let me have a weblink or a pdf for others to download. Epidemiology Prevalence Bohne, A., Wilhelm, S., Keuthen, N. J., Florin, I., Baer, L. and Jenike, M. A. (2002). Prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder in a German college student sample. Psychiatry Research, 109,101-104. Cansever,
A., Uzun, O., Donmez, E. and Ozsahin,
A. (2003). The prevalence
and clinical features of body dysmorphic disorder in college students:
a study in a Turkish sample. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 44,
60-64 Ooosthuizen, P., Lambert, T. and Castle, D. (1998). Dysmorphic concern: prevalence and associations with clinical variables. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 32, 129-132. Veale. D. (2004). E-letter: Underestimation of Body Dysmorphic Disorder in the community. British Journal of Psychiatry (5 October 2004) http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/eletters/184/6/470 Risk Factors/ Aetiology Bohne, A., Keuthen, N. J., Wilhelm, S., Deckersbach, T. and Jenike, M. A. (2002). BDD symptom prevalence and its correlates: A cross-cultural comparison. Psychiatry Research, 109, 101-104. Ooosthuizen, P., Lambert, T., & Castle, D. (1998). Dysmorphic concern: prevalence and associations with clinical variables. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 32, 129-132. Veale,
D. (2004). Advances in a cognitive
behavioural model of body dysmorphic disorder. Body
Image, 1, 113-125 Aesthetics Jerome, L. (1991). Body size estimation in characterizing dysmorphic symptoms in patients with body dysmorphic disorder. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 36, 620-620. Veale, D. and Lambrou, C. (2002). The importance of aesthetics in body dysmorphic disorder. CNS Spectrums, 7, 429-431 Veale, D., Ennis, M. and Lambrou, C. (2002). Body dysmorphic disorder is associated with an occupation or education in art and design. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 1788-1790.[Download] Children & Adolescents Albertini, R. S. and Phillips, K. A. (1999). Thirty-three cases of body dysmorphic disorder in children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 453-459. Grant,
J. E., Kim, S.W. and Crow, S. J. (2001). Prevalence and clinical
features of body dysmorphic disorder in adolescent and adult psychiatric
inpatients. Journal Clinical Psychiatry, 62,
517-522. Co-morbidity Brawman-Mintzer, O., Lydiard, R. B., Phillips, K. A., Morton, A., Czepowicz, V., Emmanuel, N., Villareal, G., Johnson, M. and Ballenger, J. C. (1995). Body dysmorphic disorder in patients with anxiety disorders and major depression: a comorbidity study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 1665-1667. Cohen, L. J., Kingston, P., Bell, A., Kwon, J., Aronowitz, B. and Hollander, E. (2000). Comorbid personality impairment in body dysmorphic disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 41, 4-12. Eisen,
J. L., Phillips, K. A., Coles, M. E. and Frare, F., Perugi, G., Ruffolo, G.
and Toni,
C. (2004). Obsessive-compulsive disorder and body dysmorphic disorder:
a comparison of clinical features. European Psychiatry, 19, 292-298. Hollander, E. and Aronowitz, B. R. (1999). Comorbid social
anxiety and body dysmorphic disorder: managing the complicated
patient. Journal
of Clinical Psychiatry, 60,
27-31 Nierenberg, A. A., Phillips, K. A., Petersen, T. J., Kelly, K. E., Alpert, J. E., Worthington, J. J., Tedlow, J. R., Rosenbaum, J. F. and Fava, M. (2002). Body dysmorphic disorder in outpatients with major depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 69,141-148. Phillips, K. A., Nierenberg, A. A., Brendel, G. and Fava, M. (1996b). Prevalence and clinical features of body dysmorphic disorder in atypical major depression. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 184, 125-129. Phillips, K. A. (2000). Personality disorders and traits in patients with body dysmorphic disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 41, 229-236. Rabe-Jablonska, J.J. and Sobow, T.M. (2000). The links between body dysmorphic disorder and eating disorders. European Psychiatry, 15, 302-305. Saxena,
S., Winograd, A., Dunkin, J. J., Maidment, K., Rosen, R., Vapnik,
T., Tarlow, G. and Bystritsky,
A. (2001). A retrospective review of clinical characteristics and
treatment response in body dysmorphic disorder versus obsessive-compulsive
disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 62(1),
67-72, quiz 73. Simeon, D. Hollander, E., Stein, D.J., Cohen, L. and Aronowitz, B. (1995). Body dysmorphic disorder in the DSM-IV field trial for obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 1207-1209. Wilhelm, S., Otto, M.W., Zucker, B.G. and Pollack, M.H. (1997). Prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder in patients with anxiety disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 11, 499-502. Zimmerman, M. and Mattia, J. I. (1998). Body dysmorphic disorder in psychiatric outpatients: recognition, prevalence, comorbidity, demographic, and clinical correlates. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 39, 265-270. Psychopathology Berrios, G. E. and Kan, C. S. (1996). A conceptual and quantitative analysis of 178 historical cases of dysmorphophobia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 94, 1-7. Gomez Perez, J. C., Marks, I. M. and Gutierrez Fisac, J. L. (1994). Dysmorphophobia: Clinical features and outcome with behavior therapy. European Psychiatry, 9, 229-235. Neziroglu, F. and Yaryura-Tobias, J. A. (1993). Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Phenomenological and Case Descriptions. Behavioural Psychotherapy, 21, 27-35. Osman,
S., Cooper, M., Hackmann, A. and Veale,
D. (2004). Spontaneously occurring images and early memories
in people with body dysmorphic disorder. Memory, 12, 428-436. Pope, H. G., Jr., Gruber, A. J., Choi, P., Olivardia, R. and Phillips, K. A. (1997). Muscle dysmorphia. An underrecognized form of body dysmorphic disorder. Psychosomatics, 38, 548-557. Phillips, KA. (2004). Psychosis in body dysmorphic disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 38, 63-72. Phillips, K. A. (1996). Body dysmorphic disorder: diagnosis and treatment of imagined ugliness. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 57, 61-64. Phillips, K. A. (1991). Body dysmorphic disorder: the distress of imagined ugliness. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 1138-1149. Phillips, K. A. and Diaz, S. F. (1997). Gender differences in body dysmorphic disorder. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 185, 570-577. Phillips, K. A. and McElroy, S. L. (1993). Insight, overvalued ideation, and delusional thinking in body dysmorphic disorder: theoretical and treatment implications. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 181, 699-702. Phillips, K. A., McElroy, S. L., Keck, P. E., Jr., Pope, H. G., Jr. and Hudson, J. I. (1993). Body dysmorphic disorder: 30 cases of imagined ugliness. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 302-308. Phillips, K, A., Siniscalchi, J. M and McElroy, S. L. (2004).Depression, anxiety, anger, and somatic symptoms in patients with body dysmorphic disorder.Psychiatric Quarterly,75, 309-320. Veale, D. (2002) Shame
in Body Dysmorphic Disorder. In: Body
Shame – Conceptualisation, Research and Treatment. (eds P.
Gilbert & J. Miles) John Wiley: Veale, D. and Riley, S. (2001). Mirror mirror on the wall, who is the ugliest of them all? The psychopathogy of mirror gazing in body dysmorphic disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39, 1381-1393.[Download] Veale, D.,Kinderman, P., Riley, S. and Lambrou, C. (2003). Self-discrepancy and body dysmorphic disorder. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 42, 157-169.[Download] Veale, D., Boocock, A., Gournay, K., Dryden, W., Shah, F., Willson, R. and Walburn, J. (1996). Body dysmorphic disorder. A survey of fifty cases. British Journal of Psychiatry, 169, 196-201. Neuropsychological Carey, P., Seedat, S., Warwick, J., van Heerden, B. and Stein, D. J. (2004). SPECT imaging of body dysmorphic disorder. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 16, 357-359. Deckersbach, T., Savage, C. R., Phillips,
K. A., Wilhelm, S., Buhlmann, U., Rauch, S. L., Baer, L.
and Jenike, M. A. (2000). Characteristics
of memory dysfunction in body dysmorphic disorder. Journal of the International
Neuropsychological Society, 6, 673-81. Gabbay,
V., Asnis, G. M., Rauch,
S. L., Phillips, K. A., Segal, E., Makris, N., Shin, L. M., Whalen,
P. J., Jenike, M. A., Caviness, V.S. Jr. and Kennedy, D. N. (2003). A preliminary morphometric
magnetic resonance imaging study of regional brain volumes in body
dysmorphic disorder. Psychiatry Research, 122, 13-9 Yaryura-Tobias, J. A., Neziroglu, F. and Torres-Gallegos, M. (2002). Neuroanatomical correlates and somatosensorial disturbances in body dysmorphic disorder. CNS Spectrums, 7, 432-4. General Reviews Allen,
A. and Hollander,
E. (2000). Body dysmorphic disorder. Psychiatric Clinics of
North American, 23, 617-628. Cororve, M. B. and Gleaves, D. H. (2001). Body dysmorphic disorder: a review of conceptualizations, assessment, and treatment strategies. Clinical Psychology Review, 21, 949-970. Phillips, K. A. (2000). Body dysmorphic disorder: diagnostic controversies and treatment challenges. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 64,18-35. Phillips, K. A. (1991). Body dysmorphic disorder: the distress of imagined ugliness. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 1138-1149. Veale, D. (2004). Body dysmorphic
disorder. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 80,
67-71.[Download] Cosmetic Surgery Castello, J. R., Barros, J. and Chinchilla, A. (1998). Body dysmorphic disorder and aesthetic surgery: case report. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, 22, 329-331. Castle,
D. J., Molton, M., Hoffman, K., Preston, Jerome, L. (1992). Body dysmorphic disorder: a controlled study of patients requesting cosmetic rhinoplasty [letter]. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 577-578. Sarwer, D. B. (2000). The "obsessive" cosmetic surgery patient: a consideration of body image dissatisfaction and body dysmorphic disorder. Plastic Surgical Nursing, 17, 193-197. Sarwer,
D. B., Crerand, C. E. and Didie,
E. R. (2003). Body dysmorphic disorder in cosmetic surgery patients. Facial Plastic Surgery, 19,
7-18. Sarwer, D. B., Wadden, T. A., Pertschuk, M. J. and Whitaker, L. A. (1997). The Psychology of Cosmetic Surgery: A Review and Reconceptualization. Clinical Psychology Review, 17, 1-22. Sarwer, D. B., Wadden, T. A., Pertschuk, M. J. and Whitaker, L. A. (1998). Body image dissatisfaction and body dysmorphic disorder in 100 cosmetic surgery patients. Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, 101, 1644-1649. Veale, D. (in press). Psychological aspects of cosmetic
surgery. Psychiatry. Veale, D., De Haro, L. and Lambrou, C. (2003). Cosmetic rhinoplasty in body dysmorphic disorder. British Journal of Plastic Surgery, 56, 157-169. [Download] Dermatology Phillips, K. A., Dufresne, R. G. Jr., Wilkel, C. S. et al (2000). Rate of body dysmorphic disorder in dermatology patients. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 42, 436-444. Uzun,
O., Basoglu, C., Akar, A., Cansever, A., Ozsahin, A., Cetin, M.
and Ebrinc, S. (2003). Body dysmorphic disorder
in patients with acne. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 44,
415-9. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy - Randomised Controlled Trials Rosen, J. C., Reiter, J. and Orosan, P. (1995). Cognitive-behavioral body image therapy for body dysmorphic disorder. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 63, 263-269 Phillips,
K. A., Albertini, R.S. and Veale, D., Gournay, K., Dryden, W., Boocock, A., Shah, F., Willson, R. and Walburn, J. (1996). Body dysmorphic disorder: a cognitive behavioural model and pilot randomised controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34, 717-729.[Download] - Case series Beary, M. and Cobb, J. (1981). Solitary psychosis - three cases of monosymptomatic delusion of alimentary tract stench treated with behavioural psychotherapy. British Journal of Psychiatry, 138, 64-66. Cromarty, P. and Marks, I. (1995). Does rational roleplay enhance the outcome of exposure therapy in dysmorphophobia? A case study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 399-402. Marks, I. and Mishan, J. (1988). Dysmorphophobic avoidance with disturbed bodily perception. A pilot study of exposure therapy. British Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 674-678. McKay, D., Todaro, J., Neziroglu, F., Campisi, T., Moritz, E. K. and Yaryura Tobias, J. A. (1997). Body dysmorphic disorder: a preliminary evaluation of treatment and maintenance using exposure with response prevention. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 67-70. Munjack, D. (1978). Behavioral treatment of dysmorphophobia. Journal of Behavioral Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 9, 53-56. Neziroglu, F. and Yaryura Tobias, J. A. (1993). Exposure, response prevention, and cognitive therapy in the treatment of body dysmorphic disorder. Behavior Therapy, 24, 431-438. Neziroglu, F., McKay, D., Todaro, J. and Yaryura Tobias, J. A. (1996). Effects of Cognitive Behavior Therapy on Persons With Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Comorbid Axis II Diagnoses. Behavior Therapy, 27, 67-77. Wilhelm, S., Otto, M. W., Lohr, B. and Deckersbach, T. (1999). Cognitive behavior group therapy for body dysmorphic disorder: a case series. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 71-75. - Description of CBT Neziroglu,
F. and Khemlani-Patel,
S. (2002). A review of cognitive and behavioral treatment for body
dysmorphic disorder. CNS
Spectrums, 7, 464-471. Veale,
D. (2002). Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Body Dysmorphic Disorder.
In: Disorders of Body Image. (eds Pharmacotherapy - Randomised Controlled Trials Hollander, E., Allen, A., Kwon, J., Aronowitz, B., Schmeidler, J., Wong, C. and Simeon, D. (1999). Clomipramine vs desipramine crossover trial in body dysmorphic disorder: selective efficacy of a serotonin reuptake inhibitor in imagined ugliness. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 1033-1042. Phillips, K. A., Albertini, R. S. and Rasmussen, S. A. (2002) A randomized placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine in body dysmorphic disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59, 381-8. - Open Label Trials Phillips, K. A., Dwight, M. M. and McElroy,
S.L. (1998). Efficacy and safety of fluvoxamine in body dysmorphic
disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59,
165-171. Phillips, K. A., McElroy, S. L., Dwight,
M M., Eisen, J. L. and Rasmussen, S. A. (2001). Delusionality
and response to open-label fluvoxamine in body dysmorphic disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 62,
87-91. - Case Series Perugi, G., Giannotti, D., Di Vaio, S., Frare, F., Saettoni, M. and Cassano, G.B. (1996). Fluvoxamine in the treatment of body dysmorphic disorder (dysmorphophobia). International Clinical Psychopharmacotherapy, 11, 247-254. Phillips, K. A., Dwight, M. M. and McElroy, S. L. (1998). Efficacy and safety of fluvoxamine in body dysmorphic disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59, 165-171. - Review Phillips, K. A., Albertini, R. S., Siniscalchi,
J., Khan, A. and Robinson, M. (2001). Effectiveness of pharmacotherapy
for body dysmorphic disorder: a chart-review study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 62,
721-7. Patient Education Phillips, K. (1996). The Broken Mirror - understanding and treating body dysmorphic disorder. New York: Oxford University Press. Veale,
D., Willson, R. and Clark, A. (forthcoming
mid 2007). Overcoming body image problems and body dysmorphic
disorder. Constable Robinson publishing, Guides for Clinicians Phillips, K. A. and Dufresne, R. G. Jr. (2002). Body dysmorphic disorder: a guide for primary care physicians. Primary Care, 29, 99-111, vii. Phillips, K. A. and Dufresne, R. G. (2000). Body dysmorphic
disorder. A guide for dermatologists and cosmetic surgeons. American Journal of Clinical
Dermatology, 1, 235-243. Veale, D. and Neziroglu, F. (forthcoming 2006).
Body Dysmorphic Disorder: a treatment manual. Wiley, Rating scales Brown,
T. A., Cash, T. F. and Mikulka, P. J. (1990). Attitudinal body-image
assessment: factor analysis of the Body-Self Relations Questionnaire. Journal
of Personality Assessment, 55,
135-144. Cash, T. F., Melnyk, S. E.
and Hrabosky,
J. I. (2004). The assessment of body image investment: an extensive
revision of the appearance schemas inventory. International
Journal of Eating Disorders, 35, 305-316. Eisen, J. L., Phillips, K. A., Baer, L., Beer, D. A., Atala, K. D. and Rasmussen, S. A. (1998). The Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale: reliability and validity. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 102-108. Harris,
D. L. and Carr,
A. T. (2001). The Derriford Appearance Scale (DAS59): a new psychometric
scale for the evaluation of patients with disfigurements and aesthetic
problems of appearance. British Journal of Plastic Surgery, 54,
216-222. Keuthen,
N. J., Deckersbach, T., Wilhelm, S., Engelhard, Neziroglu, F., McKay, D., Yaryura-Tobias, J. A. and Stevens, K. P. (1999). The overvalued ideas scale: development, reliability, and validity in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 881-902. Phillips, K. A., Hollander, E., Rasmussen, S. A., Aronowitz, B. R., DeCaria, C. and Goodman, W. K. (1997). A severity rating scale for body dysmorphic disorder: development, reliability, and validity of a modified version of the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 33, 17-22. Rosen, J. C. and Reiter, J. (1996). Development of the body dysmorphic disorder examination. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34, 755-766.
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